Structure of a telecommunications system

A telecommunications system is made up of the information sender , the transmission channel and the information receiver . The sender is a device that transforms or encodes the message into a physical phenomenon: the signal. The channel or medium transmits this signal, and the receiver does the reverse process to the transmitter to obtain the information.

The functions of the transmitter always involve, in one way or another, the coding of the information and its adaptation to the channel. The transmission channel, for physical reasons, modifies or degrades the signal in some way in its path. The receiver has to perform the functions of detecting the signal, recomposing it and decoding it in order to extract the information. In this process there is always a possibility of error, which telecommunication engineering tries to minimize.

As a familiar example of a telecommunication system, we can consider voice communication between people. This case we can decompose it like this:

The issuer: person who speaks. The consciousness of a person wants to transmit a message (idea or concept), the brain encodes it in words of a language and "sends" it to the mouth to be pronounced, finally being encoded in a series of sounds produced by the strings vowels and organs of phonation.

The medium is made up of the layer of air that exists between the two participants. The vibrations emitted pass through it, which can be affected in different ways by ambient noise, echoes, other conversations ...

The receptor is made up of the ear / brain assembly. The ear converts the vibrations to electrical impulses, which are processed by the [brain] in order to extract the message, from which it informs the "consciousness".

In other cases, as an example, communication can be made between faxes, telephones, keyboard-printer, camera-screen ... and the communication channel can be made up of wires, radio waves, fiber optics, satellite ... .

Depending on the direction of transmission, communication can be classified as unidirectional (from sender to receiver) or bidirectional (communication in both directions).

The topology of a telecommunication can be point-to-point and point-to-multipoint (called broadcast in the extreme case with many receivers and with unidirectional transmission).

The intrinsic problem of communication occurs when we want to transmit information quickly or between two distant points, or both at the same time. This is the case that has led to the development of telecommunication engineering

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